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Factores no Genéticos que Afectan la Producción y Composición de la Leche en un Reba？o de Pariciones de la Décima Región de los Lagos, Chile
Pérez P,Lucio？？; Anrique G,René？？; González V,Humberto;
Agricultura Técnica , 2007, DOI: 10.4067/S0365-28072007000100005
Abstract: a total of 1578 lactations of 493 cows were analyzed between 1990 and 2001. lactations were grouped according to calving season (autumn and spring), month of calving within season (autumn: march, april, may; spring: july, august, september), cow age, number of calvings and lactation year. accumulated production up to 305 days was considered; shorter lactations were not adjusted in order to detect environmental effects on the production period. monthly milk production was adjusted to 30 days and standardized at 4% fat content. variables evaluated were milk production, production and concentration of protein and fat, lactation length and persistency. independent variables were analyzed estimating average minimum squares. with autumn calvings, milk production, fat production and lactation persistency were 5,293 kg, 205 kg and 72.1%, respectively, being greater (p ≤ 0.05) than spring calvings (5,114 kg, 198 kg and 66.2%) with no difference in protein production. during the first half of lactation, milk production was lower with autumn calvings and the opposite was observed in the second half of lactation, indicating in both cases an underutilization of production potential of the cows for nutritional reasons. lactation yield increased with earlier calvings in both seasons (5,600 vs. 5,440 kg in march and may with autumn lactations; and 5,303 vs. 4,980 kg in july and september with spring lactations). milk protein content was greater (p ≤ 0.05) with spring lactations compared to autumn lactations (3.23 vs. 3.19%, respectively) with no differences in milk fat content (3.72 vs. 3.71%).
Factores no Genéticos que Afectan la Producción y Composición de la Leche en un Reba o de Pariciones de la Décima Región de los Lagos, Chile Non Genetic Factors Affecting Milk Production and Composition in a Dairy Herd with Two Calving Seasons in Los Lagos Region, Chile
Lucio Pérez P,René Anrique G,Humberto González V
Agricultura Técnica , 2007,
Abstract: Se analizaron 1578 lactancias de 493 vacas generadas entre 1990 y 2001. Se agruparon por época de parto (oto o, primavera), mes de parto dentro de época (oto o: marzo, abril y mayo; primavera: julio, agosto, septiembre), edad, numero del parto, a o de inicio de lactancia. Se consideró producción acumulada hasta 305 días; lactancias menores no se proyectaron para detectar efectos ambientales sobre el período de producción. La producción mensual se corrigió a 30 días y se estandarizó a 4% de materia grasa. Se evaluó producción de leche, producción y concentración de proteína y grasa, duración y persistencia de lactancia. Las variables independientes se analizaron estimando promedios mínimos cuadrados. Con partos de oto o, las producciones de leche, de grasa y la persistencia, respectivamente, 5.293 kg, 205 kg y 72,1%, fueron superiores (P ≤ 0,05) que con partos de primavera (5.114 kg, 198 kg y 66,2%), sin diferencias en producción de proteína. En la primera mitad de lactancia, la producción fue menor con partos de oto o y lo contrario ocurrió en la segunda mitad, indicando en ambos casos una subutilización del potencial productivo por razones nutricionales. La producción por lactancia aumentó con partos tempranos dentro de época (5.600 vs 5.440 kg en marzo y mayo, con lactancias de oto o; y 5.303 vs 4.980 kg en julio y septiembre, con lactancias de primavera). El contenido de proteína fue mayor (P ≤ 0,05) en lactancias de primavera que de oto o (3,23 vs 3,19%) sin diferencias en grasa láctea (3,72 vs 3,71%). A total of 1578 lactations of 493 cows were analyzed between 1990 and 2001. Lactations were grouped according to calving season (autumn and spring), month of calving within season (autumn: March, April, May; spring: July, August, September), cow age, number of calvings and lactation year. Accumulated production up to 305 days was considered; shorter lactations were not adjusted in order to detect environmental effects on the production period. Monthly milk production was adjusted to 30 days and standardized at 4% fat content. Variables evaluated were milk production, production and concentration of protein and fat, lactation length and persistency. Independent variables were analyzed estimating average minimum squares. With autumn calvings, milk production, fat production and lactation persistency were 5,293 kg, 205 kg and 72.1%, respectively, being greater (P ≤ 0.05) than spring calvings (5,114 kg, 198 kg and 66.2%) with no difference in protein production. During the first half of lactation, milk production was lower with autumn calvings and the opp
Efecto del ensilado sobre la composición química y degradabilidad ruminal de la pomasa de manzana
ANRIQUE G.,RENE; VIVEROS,MARIA PAZ;
Archivos de medicina veterinaria , 2002, DOI: 10.4067/S0301-732X2002000200005
Abstract: evaluated. rumen degradability was determined in situ by the nylon bag technique at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 36 hrs fermentation with 6 replicates per time and apple pomace type. ensiling increased the relative contents of dm, crude protein (cp), crude fiber (cf) and acid detergent fiber (adf) (43.7, 13.0, 14.3 and 18.4% respectively) and reduced the metabolizable energy content (4.9%). degradability was greater in fresh compared to ensiled apple pomace (p<0.05), however, the advantage decreased from 26% at 2 hrs to 3.3% at 36 hrs fermentation (84.9 vs 82.2 %), 93-95% of the potential degradability was obtained at 36 hrs fermentation. values for soluble, slowly degradable and undegradable fractions of fresh and ensiled pomace, respectively were: 26.5 and 13.8%; 62.3 and 75.7%; 11.2 and 10.5%; potential degradability and degradation rates were: 88.8 and 89.5%; 0.076 and 0.065 hr-1, respectively. in ensiled pomace the insoluble fraction contributed more to dm degraded at 36 hrs (73.4 vs 92.1%) suggesting a greater fiber degradability and a more uniform degradation pattern with time. due to its higher fiber and insoluble fraction content, effective degradability was lower in ensiled apple pomace
Efectos de la pulpa de manzana ensilada en la ración de vacas lecheras sobre el consumo, la tasa de sustitución y la producción de leche
ANRIQUE G.,R.; DOSSOW C.,C.;
Archivos de medicina veterinaria , 2003, DOI: 10.4067/S0301-732X2003000100002
Abstract: the effect of including ensiled apple pulp (apple pomace) in rations of early lactation dairy cows was evaluated. treatments were determined by three levels of apple pomace (0, 15, 30% of total intake), plus a common supply of direct-cut grass silage offered ad-libitum and a fixed amount of concentrate; protein content was the same among treatments. the study was organized in three periods of 21 days following a crossover latin square design of four 3 x 3 squares (treatments x periods). measurments were made on individual basis in the last seven days of each period, and at the end of each, cows were rotated. standarized (4% fat) and nonstandarized milk production increased with the inclusion of apple pomace (p< 0.05); on average, supplemented cows produced 9% and 5.9% more standarized and non-standarized milk, respectively (p< 0.05). contents of milk fat and protein were greater with the highest apple pomace supply. dry matter (dm) intake increased proporcionally with intake of apple pomace (p< 0.05) as a result of a moderately low substitution rate (sr). sr (kg/kg) increased with apple pomace intake; corresponding sr values for medium (2.6 kg dm) and high (4.5 kg dm) apple pomace intake, respectively, were 0.45 and 0.55 kg/kg. blood levels of ？-hydroxybutyrate (bhb) and urea were normal and fluctuated within reference values independently of apple pomace intake, however, bhb blood levels of supplemented cows were 50% lower compared to controls, suggesting reduced mobilization of body reserves. results were coherent with a better body weight status displayed by supplemeted cows, which was positively correlated with apple pomace intake, demonstrating that inclusion of apple pomace effectively improved dry matter intake and energy balance.
In situ Rumen Degradation Kinetics of High-Protein Forage Crops in Temperate Climates
Valderrama L.,Ximena; Anrique G.,René;
Chilean journal of agricultural research , 2011, DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392011000400012
Abstract: the present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and in situ degradation kinetics of eight high protein forage crops: alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), forage oat (avena sativa l.), mixed pasture, and ryegrass (lolium multiflorum lam.) pasture in early vegetative stages, two forage lupins (lupinus albus l.) in early bloom stages, sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) and kale (brassica napus var. pabularia (dc.) rchb.) leaves at root maturity. dry matter (dm) and crude protein (cp) degradation kinetics were evaluated by the nylon bag technique through the in situ procedure described by 0rskov and macdonald (1979) using three ruminally cannulated sheep. chemical composition of the forage crops showed on average 13.7% dm; 21.4% cp; 31.5% neutral detergent fiber (ndf); 17.7% crude fiber (cf), 80.6% digestibility of organic matter (domd) and 12.13 mj kg-1 metabolizable energy (me). the high total degradability of forage crops reported here (> 87% dm; > 93% cp) can be associated with the presence of large quantities of fraction a (> 34% dma; > 29% cpa) and high degradability of fraction b, resulting in low amounts of undegradable fraction (u) (7.02% dm and 3.55% cp). correlations between cpb and dmb degradability (r = 0.79) and cpc and dmc degradation rates (r = 0.78) were high, however differences in c were not explained by differences in cp or ndf contents, nor by the amounts of a or b fractions. degradation for dm and cp during the first 6 h of incubation was strongly and inversely correlated to b (36 h) (r = 0.93) (p < 0.0001) regardless of forage type. the amounts of cpa and cpb influenced effective degradability of cp (r = 0.79; p < 0.02), edp increased with increased cpa and decreased with increased cpb (r = 0.76; p < 0.02). therefore, more than 75% of the forage crops degraded within the first 6 h of incubation, which was associated with the dm content and amount of the slowly degradable fraction present.
Efecto del ensilado sobre la composición química y degradabilidad ruminal de la pomasa de manzana Effect of ensiling on chemical composition and rumen degradability of apple pomace
RENE ANRIQUE G.,MARIA PAZ VIVEROS
Archivos de medicina veterinaria , 2002,
Abstract: Se evaluó el efecto del ensilado en la dinámica de degradación de la materia seca (MS) y composición química de pomasa de manzana fresca y ensilada. La degradabilidad ruminal se determinó por fermentación in situ, empleando bolsas de nylon, a tiempos de fermentación de 2, 6, 12, 24 y 36 horas, con seis repeticiones por horario y por tipo de pomasa. El ensilado produjo un aumento del contenido relativo de MS, proteína cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC) y fibra detergente ácido (FDA) (43.7, 13.0, 14.3 y 18.4% respectivamente) y una reducción del contenido de energía metabolizable (4.9%). La degradabilidad de la materia seca fue mayor en pomasa fresca que ensilada (p<0.05) sin embargo, la ventaja que correspondió a 26% a las 2 horas luego se redujo a 3.3% a las 36 horas (84.9 y 82.2%). 93-95% de la degradabilidad potencial (a + b) se obtuvo a las 36 horas de fermentación. Los valores de la fracción soluble (a), lentamente degradable (b) y no degradable (C) de pomasa fresca y ensilada, respectivamente fueron: 26.5 y 13.8; 62.3 y 75.7, 11.2 y 10.5%; la degradabilidad potencial y la constante de degradación (c) para pomasa fresca y ensilada fueron respectivamente: 88.8 y 89.5%, 0.076 y 0.065 hr- 1. En pomasa ensilada la fracción insoluble contribuyó más al total de MS degradada a las 36 horas (73.4 vs 92.1%) sugiriendo una mayor degradabilidad de la fibra y un patrón degradativo más uniforme a través del tiempo. Dado un mayor tenor de fibra y de fracción insoluble, la pomasa ensilada experimentó una menor degradabilidad efectiva evaluated. Rumen degradability was determined in situ by the nylon bag technique at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 36 hrs fermentation with 6 replicates per time and apple pomace type. Ensiling increased the relative contents of DM, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (43.7, 13.0, 14.3 and 18.4% respectively) and reduced the metabolizable energy content (4.9%). Degradability was greater in fresh compared to ensiled apple pomace (p<0.05), however, the advantage decreased from 26% at 2 hrs to 3.3% at 36 hrs fermentation (84.9 vs 82.2 %), 93-95% of the potential degradability was obtained at 36 hrs fermentation. Values for soluble, slowly degradable and undegradable fractions of fresh and ensiled pomace, respectively were: 26.5 and 13.8%; 62.3 and 75.7%; 11.2 and 10.5%; potential degradability and degradation rates were: 88.8 and 89.5%; 0.076 and 0.065 hr-1, respectively. In ensiled pomace the insoluble fraction contributed more to DM degraded at 36 hrs (73.4 vs 92.1%) suggesting a greater fiber degradability and a more unifo
Efectos de la pulpa de manzana ensilada en la ración de vacas lecheras sobre el consumo, la tasa de sustitución y la producción de leche Effects of apple pulp silage inclusion
R. ANRIQUE G.,C. DOSSOW C.
Archivos de medicina veterinaria , 2003,
Abstract: Se evaluó el efecto de incorporar pulpa de manzana ensilada en la ración de vacas lecheras en primer tercio de lactancia. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres niveles de pulpa (0, 15, 30% del consumo de MS), más una ración común basada en ensilaje de pradera directo, suministrado a voluntad, y una cantidad fija de concentrado dise ado para que los tratamientos fuesen isoproteicos. El estudio se organizó en tres períodos de acuerdo con un dise o de Cuadrado Latino de Sobrecambio (Crossover) de cuatro cuadrados de 3x3 (tratamientos x períodos). Cada período tuvo una duración de 21 días, al cabo de los cuales las vacas se rotaron de tratamiento. La producción de leche estandarizada (4% de grasa) y sin estandarizar aumentó con la inclusión de pulpa (P< 0.05); en promedio, las vacas suplementadas produjeron 9 y 5.9% más leche estandarizada y sin estandarizar, respectivamente (P< 0.05). El contenido de grasa y proteína fue mayor (P< 0.05) sólo en el nivel de más alto de pulpa. El consumo de MS y de nutrientes aumentó con el suministro de pulpa (P< 0.05) como resultado de un efecto de sustitución moderadamente bajo. La tasa de sustitución (TS kg/kg) aumentó con el consumo de pulpa; los valores de TS correspondientes al nivel medio (2.6 kg) y alto (4.5 kg) de pulpa, respectivamente fueron 0.45 y 0.55 kg/kg. Los niveles sanguíneos de B-hidroxibutirato (BHB) y UREA fueron normales y se encontraron dentro de los rangos de referencia, independientemente de los niveles de inclusión de pulpa, sin embargo el nivel de BHB en los tratamientos suplementados fue inferior al control, demostrando una menor movilización de reservas. Estos resultados son coherentes con el balance de peso, que mejoró en forma proporcional al consumo de pulpa, lo que demuestra que la inclusión de pulpa de manzana ensilada mejoró efectivamente el consumo y el balance energético. The effect of including ensiled apple pulp (apple pomace) in rations of early lactation dairy cows was evaluated. Treatments were determined by three levels of apple pomace (0, 15, 30% of total intake), plus a common supply of direct-cut grass silage offered ad-libitum and a fixed amount of concentrate; protein content was the same among treatments. The study was organized in three periods of 21 days following a Crossover Latin Square design of four 3 x 3 squares (treatments x periods). Measurments were made on individual basis in the last seven days of each period, and at the end of each, cows were rotated. Standarized (4% fat) and nonstandarized milk production increased with the inclusion of apple pomace (P< 0.05); on
In situ Rumen Degradation Kinetics of High-Protein Forage Crops in Temperate Climates Cinética de Degradación Ruminal in situ en Forrajes de Alto Contenido Proteico en Clima Templado
Ximena Valderrama L.,René Anrique G.
Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research , 2011,
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and in situ degradation kinetics of eight high protein forage crops: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), forage oat (Avena sativa L.), mixed pasture, and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in early vegetative stages, two forage lupins (Lupinus albus L.) in early bloom stages, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and kale (Brassica napus var. pabularia (DC.) Rchb.) leaves at root maturity. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics were evaluated by the nylon bag technique through the in situ procedure described by 0rskov and MacDonald (1979) using three ruminally cannulated sheep. Chemical composition of the forage crops showed on average 13.7% DM; 21.4% CP; 31.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); 17.7% crude fiber (CF), 80.6% digestibility of organic matter (DOMD) and 12.13 MJ kg-1 metabolizable energy (ME). The high total degradability of forage crops reported here (> 87% DM; > 93% CP) can be associated with the presence of large quantities of fraction a (> 34% DMa; > 29% CPa) and high degradability of fraction b, resulting in low amounts of undegradable fraction (U) (7.02% DM and 3.55% CP). Correlations between CPb and DMb degradability (r = 0.79) and CPc and DMc degradation rates (r = 0.78) were high, however differences in c were not explained by differences in CP or NDF contents, nor by the amounts of a or b fractions. Degradation for DM and CP during the first 6 h of incubation was strongly and inversely correlated to b (36 h) (r = 0.93) (P < 0.0001) regardless of forage type. The amounts of CPa and CPb influenced effective degradability of CP (r = 0.79; P < 0.02), EDp increased with increased CPa and decreased with increased CPb (r = 0.76; P < 0.02). Therefore, more than 75% of the forage crops degraded within the first 6 h of incubation, which was associated with the DM content and amount of the slowly degradable fraction present. El presente estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de evaluar el valor nutricional y la cinética de degradación in situ de ocho forrajes de alto valor proteico: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), avena (Avena sativa L.), pastos mixtos y pastos de ballica (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), en las primeras etapas vegetativas, dos lupinos forrajeros (Lupinus albus L.) en etapas inicio de la floración, hojas de remolacha azucarera (Beta vulgaris L.) y de col (Brassica napus var. pabularia (DC.) Rchb.) La cinética de degradación ruminal de la materia seca (DM) y proteína cruda (CP) se evaluaron mediante la técnica in situ de la bolsa de nylon descrita por 0rskov M
Effect of Including Extruded, Rolled or Ground Corn in Dairy Cow Diets Based on Direct Cut Grass Silage
Alvarado G,Christian; Anrique G,René; Navarrete Q,Soledad;
Chilean journal of agricultural research , 2009, DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392009000300008
Abstract: a study was conducted to determine the effect of corn (zea mays l.) grain processing on intake, digestibility of nutrients and milk production and composition. the effect of extrusion on nutrient digestibility was evaluated in trial 1, using ground corn as a control. in trial 2, the effect of extrusion on intake was evaluated, comparing extruded corn of two densities (357 and 308 g l-1) with rolled corn (507 g l-1) as a control. in trial 3, the effects of extrusion on milk production, digestibility and intake were evaluated; using steam rolled corn and ground corn as controls. no effects on dry matter and metabolizable energy intakes due to differences in the extruded corn grains were observed. digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, gross energy and neutral detergent fiber did not differ among treatments, although a greater digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates was observed. higher milk production was obtained in treatments including extruded and steam rolled corn (21.4 and 21.6 l d-1), compared to ground corn (20.5 l d-1) but differences disappeared when standardizing for fat content. milk composition was not affected by treatments. daily protein production was greater (p < 0.01) in treatments including extruded and rolled corn. blood parameters (？-hydroxybutyrate, urea) and milk urea remained within normal reference values. it was concluded that using extruded corn had no adverse effects on digestibility or forage and total intake with a small advantage in milk protein yield comparing with ground corn, but without clear differences compared to steam rolled corn.
Effect of Including Extruded, Rolled or Ground Corn in Dairy Cow Diets Based on Direct Cut Grass Silage Efecto de la Inclusión de Maíz Extruido, Rolado o Molido en Dietas de Vacas Lecheras Basadas en Ensilaje de Pradera de Corte Directo
Christian Alvarado G,René Anrique G,Soledad Navarrete Q
Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research , 2009,
Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) grain processing on intake, digestibility of nutrients and milk production and composition. The effect of extrusion on nutrient digestibility was evaluated in trial 1, using ground corn as a control. In trial 2, the effect of extrusion on intake was evaluated, comparing extruded corn of two densities (357 and 308 g L-1) with rolled corn (507 g L-1) as a control. In trial 3, the effects of extrusion on milk production, digestibility and intake were evaluated; using steam rolled corn and ground corn as controls. No effects on dry matter and metabolizable energy intakes due to differences in the extruded corn grains were observed. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, gross energy and neutral detergent fiber did not differ among treatments, although a greater digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates was observed. Higher milk production was obtained in treatments including extruded and steam rolled corn (21.4 and 21.6 L d-1), compared to ground corn (20.5 L d-1) but differences disappeared when standardizing for fat content. Milk composition was not affected by treatments. Daily protein production was greater (P < 0.01) in treatments including extruded and rolled corn. Blood parameters ( -hydroxybutyrate, urea) and milk urea remained within normal reference values. It was concluded that using extruded corn had no adverse effects on digestibility or forage and total intake with a small advantage in milk protein yield comparing with ground corn, but without clear differences compared to steam rolled corn. Se estudiaron los efectos del procesamiento del grano de maíz (Zea mays L.) en el consumo y digestibilidad de la dieta, y en la composición y producción láctea. En el ensayo 1, se evaluó el efecto de la extrusión en la digestibilidad de la dieta utilizando maíz molido como control. En el ensayo 2, se evaluó el efecto de la extrusión en el consumo comparando maíz extruido de dos densidades (357 y 308 g L-1) usando maíz rolado (507 gL-1) como control. En el ensayo 3, se evaluó el efecto de la extrusión sobre la producción de leche, digestibilidad y consumo, empleando maíz rolado y maíz molido como controles. No se observaron diferencias en consumo de materia seca (MS) ni de energía metabolizable atribuibles a diferencias de densidad del maíz extruido. La digestibilidad de la MS, materia orgánica, proteína bruta, energía bruta y fibra detergente neutro no difirió entre tratamientos, aunque se observó una mayor digestibilidad de los carbohidratos no fibrosos. Hubo mayor p
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